An imagined gathering

A letter on toleration

1685 · Amsterdam, Netherlands

In exile, Locke argues for toleration with Leibniz and Newton, and finds the limits of his own principle.

Locke is living quietly in Amsterdam, out of reach of the English court, and writing the Letter Concerning Toleration. Leibniz is passing through on diplomatic business, and Newton has come to the continent for reasons of his own.

The three of them talk about what a state may require of a conscience. Locke argues for a wide liberty of belief and worship; Leibniz, whose patron is Catholic, wonders whether toleration can extend to those who would not tolerate others; Newton, whose private theology is decidedly unorthodox, has the most to lose and says the least. They eat an eel pie, a pease pottage, and a syllabub, and Locke's principle comes out of the evening with a few new qualifications.

The table

Host: John Locke

Gottfried Wilhelm LeibnizCatholic courtier, testing the limits of a Protestant argument.

Isaac NewtonIn exile from controversy of his own, and careful with his words.

The menu

a period dish

First course

Pease Pottage

a period dish

First course

Maslin Bread

a period dish

Dessert

Syllabub

a period dish

View a published recipe at Epicurious (opens in a new tab)

Discussed

The social contract

John Locke

Locke's account of government as a trust held from the people, revocable when it fails them.

Natural rights

John Locke

Life, liberty, and property as claims that precede government and that government exists to protect.

Pre-established harmony

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Leibniz's picture of mind and body as two clocks set by God to keep perfect time without ever touching.

This gathering is an editorial recreation grounded in the biographies of those present; it did not necessarily take place as described.